TF1: Lecture - Pathogens

Main topic: How innate immune system works


I. Introduction
   A. pathogens --cause--> diseases
   B. ex) pathogens = viruses, bacteria
   C. Living things have defenses in their immune systems
   D. Two types of immune systems
        1. Innate
        2. Adaptive

II. Today's lecture focuses only on innate immune system
   A. Examples of innate immune systems in HUMANS
       1. skin
       2. mucus
       3. acids in stomach & intestines
       4. white blood cells --> attack pathogens like "soldiers"; extremely useful (+)
   B. Next, professor will talk about innate systems in PLANTS & ANIMALS




Vocabulary:
1. fungi
2. pathogen
3. defense
4. immune system
5. innate
6. adaptive
7. examine
8. airborne
9. stomach
10. intestine
11. acid
12. white blood cell

TF1: Test Lecture - Symbiosis: Ants

Main Topic: Facultative Symbiosis

Part I: Introduction
1. defnition of symbiosis: close, beneficial relationship between organisms; BUT not always the case
2. obligate symbiosis: one organism needs the other to survive (A <--> B)
3. facultative symbiosis: one organism does not necessarily need the other to survive
                                   (A can live by itself; B can live by itself)

Part II: 4 Examples of Facultative Symbiosis
1. Ants <--> Bullhorn Acacia Tree
   - trees give place to live + provides nutrients
   - ants protect the trees
   - they live in Central America
2. Lemon Ants <--> Lemon Ant Trees
   - trees provide nests for ants
   - ants protect trees by stinging nearby trees --> elminate lemon ant tree's competitors
3. Ants <--> Aphids
   - aphids: insects
   - aphids provide honeydew to ants
   - ants protect aphids from predators
4. Ants <--> Fungi
   - ants provide food for fungi + protect the fungi
   - fungi provides nutrients for ants


Vocabulary:
1. symbiosis/symbiotic
2. fungi
3. prey
4. predator
5. sting
6. competitor
7. plant sap
8. species
9. pest
10. absence/absent
11. hollow
12. thorn

TF1: Conversation - Dining Services: meal plan

Main Issue: Student wants to change his meal plan.
Solution: The employee will probably show the student other meal plan options.

Student	Dining Services Employee
-Question about meal plan -freshman at school à had to purchase 20 meals a weak meal plan
	20 meals/week = school requirement
BUT problem.. - only eat 10~12 meals/week on campus -so wasting a lot of money -can you make an exception??
	Possibly. Why eat so few meals on campus?
-parents live in town à so dinner at home -also at home on the weekends -also meal plan too expensive
	Ok. What meal plan are you interested in?
Show me some options

Vocabulary:
1. dining services
2. meal plan
3. freshman/freshmen
4. requirement
5. on campus/off campus
6. waste of money
7. dormitory/dorm
8. exception to the rule

TF3: Lecture - Vaccines

Main Topic: Function of vaccines and the different types of vaccines

Part I: Introduction of the topic
a. student's question: some parents think vaccines cause autism + lead to disease.
b. professor's answer: no direct relationship between vaccines and autism.


Part II: Functions
a. vaccine: composed of either dead/weakened part of a virus --> injected into body --> immunity
b. body's immune system produces antibodies --> antibodies attack viruses in the future

Part III: Two major types - inactive vs. active
a. inactive
    - use dead part of the virus
    - drawback: weak antibodies --> only good for temporary period
    - need to get the shot every few years, esp. when you are travelling abroad
b. active
    - viruses that have been weakend: alive but not powerful
    - require only one boost (shot)
    - BUT there's a small chance that patients can catch the virus if given active vaccines
    - so no need to ban active vaccines.


Vocabulary
1. vaccine
2. autism
3. immunity
4. inject
5. antibodies
6. plague
7. boost (shot)
8. measels and mumps

TF1: Lecture - Fungi

Part I: Intro to Fungi
1. Fungi - one of five kingdoms of organisms
2. Fungi not a plant: Fungi different from plants
3. Fungi vs. Plants
    a. Fungi - no photosynthesis; plants - photosyn.
    b. Fungi - cell wall: chitin; plants - cell wall: cellulose
4. EX) mushroom
    a. what we see on forest grounds are the "fruit" parts of mushrooms
    b. much of mushroom hidden (underground)

Part II. General facts about fungi
1. lives in damp, dark places
    ex) forest floors, dead trees
2. symbiotic relationship with plants
    a. fungi provide nutrients to the plants by breaking down dead organic matter
    b. plants allow fungi to live in their roots

Part III. (+) and (-) of fungi
1. many uses: yeast, alcoholic beverages, medicine (penicilin)
2. BUT also poisonous: parasites, diseases, ahtlete's foot (itching of the foot)


Vocabulary
1. fungi
2. comprise
3. erroneous
4. undergo
5. cell wall
6. glucose
7. substance
8. bury
9. thrive
10. damp
11. break down
12. organic matter
13. symbiotic
14. alcoholic beverage
15. infection
16. parasite
17. athlete's foot

TF1: Lecture - Coral

Main Topic: Corals

Part I : Introduction: General facts about Corals
a. corals = living organism (not rocks!)
b. lives in tropical waters - need certain temperature range
c. lives in shallow waters - need sunlight
d. corals secrete calcium carbonate --> attaches to the reef --> c.c. hardens --> corals grow.


Part II: How do corals survive?
a. needs nutrients from Zooxanthallae
b. Zooxanthallae depend on photosynthesis
c. BUT - if Zooxanthallae die --> then corals also die
d. coral bleaching: corals turn white when they die


Part III: Factors that cause corals to die
a. pollution
b. high number of algae --> rob oxygen
c. coral mining for jewelry and decoration: use explosives
d. extremely warm temperatures: El Nino



Vocabulary:
1. coral
2. reef
3. shallow
4. secrete
5. nourishment
6. runoff
7. harbor (n.)
8. algae
9. bloom
10. mine (v.)

NO HOMEWORK FOR TODAY

No Homework.